TYPES OF VACCINATION [Pneumococcal]

PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE

About Pneumococcal disease..

Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae or pneumococcus. People can be infected with the bacteria, or they can carry it in their throat, and not be ill. Those carriers can still spread it, primarily in droplets from their nose or mouth when they breathe, cough, or sneeze.

Depending on what organ or part of the body is infected, pneumococcal disease will cause any of several serious illnesses, including:

• Bacterial meningitis, an infection of the covering of the brain and spinal cord that can lead to confusion, coma, and death as well as other physical effects, such as blindness or paralysis
• Pneumonia, an infection of the lungs and a common bacterial complication of influenza otitis media, a middle ear infection that can cause pain, swelling, sleeplessness, fever, and irritability
• Bacteremia, a dangerous infection of the blood stream
• Sinus infections

Pneumococcal Vaccine..

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is recommended for all children younger than 5 years old, all adults 65 years or older, and people 6 years or older with certain risk factors.Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) is recommended for all adults 65 years or older. People 2 years through 64 years of age who are athigh risk of pneumococcal disease should also receive PPSV23.

This vaccine protects against pneumococcal infections, which mostly strike children under age 5 and can lead to some of the worst childhood diseases. Pneumococcal infections are one of the most common causes of death in the United States from a disease that's preventable with a vaccine.

The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV13 or Prevnar 13®, is currently recommended for all children younger than 5 years of age, all adults 65 yea

rs or older, and persons 6 through 64 years of age with certain medical conditions.

Pneumovax® is a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) that is currently recommended for use in all adults 65 years of age or older and for persons who are 2 years and older and at high risk for pneumococcal disease (e.g., those with sickle cell disease, HIV infection, or other immunocompromising conditions). PPSV23 is also recommended for use in adults 19 through 64 years of age who smoke cigarettes or who have asthma.

TYPES OF VACCINATION [ROTAVIRUS]

ROTAVIRUS VACCINATION

Rotavirus Infection..

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (vomiting and severe diarrhea) among children worldwide.Rotavirus disease is highly contagious. The germ is present in the stool of an infected person and can remain viable for a long time on contaminated surfaces, including people's hands. Children catch it by touching something that's contaminated and then putting their hands in their mouth. The spread of rotavirus infection is a particular problem in hospitals and in day care settings, where it can be easily spread from child to child. It's also easily spread by day care workers, especially when they change diapers without washing their hands afterward.

Symptoms of rotavirus infection..

More about Rotavirus vaccine..

Two brands of rotavirus vaccine are available. Your baby will get either 2 or 3 doses, depending on which vaccine is used.

Doses of rotavirus vaccine are recommended at these ages:

• First Dose: 2 months of age
• Second Dose: 4 months of age
• Third Dose: 6 months of age (if needed)

Rotavirus vaccine is a liquid that is swallowed, not a shot.

Rotavirus vaccine may safely be given at the same time as other vaccines.

Rotavirus vaccine is very good at preventing diarrhea and vomiting caused by rotavirus. Almost all babies who get rotavirus vaccine will be protected from severe rotavirus diarrhea. And most of these babies will not get rotavirus diarrhea at all. The vaccine will not prevent diarrhea or vomiting caused by other germs.

Studies of the rotavirus vaccine have shown that it can prevent about 74% of rotavirus infections. More importantly, it can prevent approximately 98% of severe infections and 96% of hospitalizations from rotavirus. In one Massachusetts hospital, in two years, the number of people with rotavirus dropped from 65 to three. 

TYPES OF VACCINATION [MEASLES]

MEASLES VACCINATION

Measles is the most deadly of all childhood rash/fever illnesses. The disease spreads very easily, so it is important to protect against infection. Getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent measles.

About the Vaccine..

Measles vaccine is given for protection against measles, the typical extemporaneous fever of childhood. It is a live viral vaccine. It is available in lyophilized form as powder in a bulb. Diluent is distilled water & is available as a separate ampoule. It is available as mono-dose or as multi-dose containing 2 or 5 doses. The final volume of reconstituted vaccine is 0.5 ml per dose. 

Measles vaccine is usually administered as MMR, a combination vaccine that provides protection against three viral diseases: measles,mumps and rubella. MMRV vaccine is licensed for children 12 months to 12 years of age and may be used in place of MMR vaccine if varicella vaccination is needed in addition to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. 

Dosage direction..

For children 2 doses are recommended

• The first dose at 12–15 months of age
•  The second dose before entering school, at 4–6 years of age

For adults 2 doses are recommended who are at higher risk, such as:

• College students, trade school students, or other students beyond high school
• Those who work in a hospital or other medical facility
• International travelers or those who are passengers on a cruise ship
• Women of childbearing age  

However, pregnant women should wait to get MMR vaccine until after they have given birth. Women should not become pregnant for 28 days following the receipt of the MMR vaccine or any of its components. (The combination MMRV vaccine is not licensed for those over 12 years old.)

TYPES OF VACCINATION [DTaP]

DTap Vaccination

{Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis}

Understanding the Disease

Tetanus (Lockjaw) is caused by toxin-producing spores of a bacterium, Clostridium tetani that inhabit the soil and the bowels of animals and humans. Unlike other vaccine-preventable diseases, it is not spread from person to person. Tetanus infection is most often the result of wound contamination in an unimmunized person or someone who has not had vaccine boosters in many years. Tetanus may occur following delivery in the newborn babies of unimmunized women. It may also occur following puncture wounds, animal bites, burns, abrasions and surgery.

The tetanus toxin causes severe muscle contractions, or spasms. Fever, sweating, elevated blood pressure, and rapid heart rate may also occur. Spasms of the vocal cords or the muscles of respiration can interfere with breathing, and pneumonia is common. Contraction of muscles can be so severe that the spine or other bones are fractured.

Between 40-60 cases of tetanus are reported in the United States each year, and 30% of those infected die. Death is more likely in newborn infants of unimmunized mothers and patients over 50 years of age.

Why get Vaccinated?

Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis are serious diseases caused by bacteria. Diphtheria and pertussis are spread from person to person. Tetanus enters the body through cuts or wounds.

DIPHTHERIA causes a thick covering in the back of the throat.

• It can lead to breathing problems, paralysis, heart failure, and even death.

TETANUS (Lockjaw) causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body.

• It can lead to "locking" of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow. Tetanus leads to death in up to 2 out of 10 cases.

PERTUSSIS (Whooping Cough) causes coughing spells so bad that it is hard for infants to eat, drink, or breathe. These spells can last for weeks.

• It can lead to pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring spells), brain damage, and death.

Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTaP) can help prevent these diseases. Most children who are vaccinated with DTaP will be protected throughout childhood. Many more children would get these diseases if we stopped vaccinating.

Risks from DTap vaccine

Getting diphtheria, tetanus, or pertussis disease is much riskier than getting DTaP vaccine.

However, a vaccine, like any medicine, is capable of causing serious problems, such as severe allergic reactions. The risk of DTaP vaccine causing serious harm, or death, is extremely small.

Mild Problems:

• Fever (up to about 1 child in 4)
• Redness or swelling where the shot was given (up to about 1 child in 4)
• Soreness or tenderness where the shot was given (up to about 1 child in 4)

These problems occur more often after the 4th and 5th doses of the DTaP series than after earlier doses. Sometimes the 4th or 5th dose of DTaP vaccine is followed by swelling of the entire arm or leg in which the shot was given, lasting 1-7 days (up to about 1 child in 30).

Other Mild Problems

• Fussiness (up to about 1 child in 3)
• Tiredness or poor appetite (up to about 1 child in 10)
• Vomiting (up to about 1 child in 50)

These problems generally occur 1-3 days after the shot.

Moderate Problems

• Seizure (jerking or staring) (about 1 child out of 14,000)
• Non-stop crying, for 3 hours or more (up to about 1 child out of 1,000)
• High fever, over 105°F (about 1 child out of 16,000)

Severe Problems

• Serious allergic reaction (less than 1 out of a million doses)
• Several other severe problems have been reported after DTaP vaccine. These include:
  • Long-term seizures, coma, or lowered consciousness
  • Permanent brain damage.
  These are so rare it is hard to tell if they are caused by the vaccine.

Controlling fever is especially important for children who have had seizures, for any reason. It is also important if another family member has had seizures. You can reduce fever and pain by giving your child an aspirin-free pain reliever when the shot is given, and for the next 24 hours, following the package instructions.

TYPES OF VACCINATION [HEPATITIS A]

HEPATITIS A VACCINATION

What is hepatitis A? Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present worldwide and is the agent of one of the most widespread infections transmitted via the fecal-oral route. In countries with poor hygiene and consequent wide presence of feces in the environment, the vast majority of subjects is infected within 5 years of age (usually without any sign or symptom of acute hepatitis), thus acquiring life-long immunity. Outbreaks and epidemics are rare due to the high herd immunity level in the population.HAV infection is transmitted both by direct contact with infected subjects and by ingestion of contaminated food and drinks (WHO 1995). Since HAV circulation is diminished but not eliminated, both large epidemics (like the one registered in 1996–97 in Puglia, Italy) (Malfait et al 1996;Lopalco et al 2005) or more limited outbreaks (frequently starting in schools or day-care centers) can occur. HAV Vaccine All of the hepatitis A vaccines are highly immunogenic and efficacious. Approximately 97 to 100% of children, adolescents, and adults develop protective antibody levels within 1 month of the first dose of vaccine. Essentially 100% of vaccines develop high antibody titres after completing the 2-dose series, with long-term persistence of protective antibody levels 10 years out from vaccination. In randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, 94-100% children were protected against clinical hepatitis A after receiving the equivalent of a single dose. Here is a picture that shows the Groups recommended for Hepatitis A Vaccine

TYPES OF VACCINATION [HEPATITIS B]

HEPATITIS B VACCINATION

WHAT IS HEPATITIS B??

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted from one person to another through blood and body fluids, and primarily infects the liver. In the United States, it is most commonly spread through sexual contact or injection drug use. Health care workers and others exposed to infected blood or body fluids are also at high risk for infection. Worldwide, it is most commonly spread to infants by their infected mothers.

Hepatitis B can cause:

Acute (short-term) illness. This can lead to:

• loss of appetite • diarrhea and vomiting

• tiredness • jaundice (yellow skin or eyes)

• pain in muscles, joints, and stomach

Acute illness, with symptoms, is more common among adults. Children who become infected usually do not have symptoms.Chronic (long-term) infection. Some people go on to 

develop chronic hepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis B virus is easily spread through contact with the 

blood or other body fluids of an infected person. People can also be infected from contact with a contaminated object, where the virus can live for up to 7 days.

• A baby whose mother is infected can be infected at birth;

• Children, adolescents, and adults can become infected 

by:

- contact with blood and body fluids through breaks in

the skin such as bites, cuts, or sores;

- contact with objects that have blood or body fluids on

them such as toothbrushes, razors, or monitoring and 

treatment devices for diabetes;

- having unprotected sex with an infected person;

- sharing needles when injecting drugs;

- being stuck with a used needle.

HEPATITIS B VACCINE: Why get vaccinated?

Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis B, and the serious consequences of hepatitis B infection, including liver cancer and cirrhosis.Hepatitis B vaccine may be given by itself or in the same shot with other vaccines.Routine hepatitis B vaccination was recommended for 

some U.S. adults and children beginning in 1982, and for all children in 1991. Since 1990, new hepatitis B infections among children and adolescents have dropped by more than 

95%—and by 75% in other age groups.Vaccination gives long-term protection from hepatitis B infection, possibly lifelong.

Who should get HEPATITIS B vaccine and when?

Children and adolescents

• Babies normally get 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine:

1st Dose: Birth

2nd Dose: 1-2 months of age

3rd Dose: 6-18 months of age

 Some babies might get 4 doses, for example, if a combination vaccine containing hepatitis B is used. (This is a single shot containing several vaccines.) The extra

dose is not harmful.

• Anyone through 18 years of age who didn’t get the vaccine when they were younger should also be vaccinated.

Adults

• All unvaccinated adults at risk for hepatitis B infection should be vaccinated. This includes:

- sex partners of people infected with hepatitis B,

- men who have sex with men,

- people who inject street drugs,

- people with more than one sex partner,

- people with chronic liver or kidney disease,

- people under 60 years of age with diabetes, 

- people with jobs that expose them

TYPES OF VACCINATION [POLIO]

POLIO VACCINATION

The Polio Vaccination is the most popular kind of Routine Immunization. This vaccination is given to children during the early stages of their life, that is from 0 to 5 years.

So before we get into details about this vaccination lets try and understand why is this vaccination important.

UNDERSTANDING THE DISEASE {POLIO}

Polio is caused by intestinal viruses that spread from person to person in stool and saliva. Most people infected with polio (approximately 95%) show no symptoms. Minor symptoms can include sore throat, low-grade fever, nausea, and vomiting. Some infected persons (1 to 2%) will have stiffness in the neck, back, or legs without paralysis. Less than 1% of polio infections (about 1 of every 1,000 cases) cause paralysis. In some cases, the poliovirus will paralyze the muscles used to breathe, leaving the victim unable to breathe on his or her own. Many paralyzed persons recover completely. Those who do recover from paralytic polio may be affected 30 to 40 years later, with muscle pain and progressive weakness.

Before the polio vaccine, 13,000 to 20,000 people were paralyzed by polio, and about 1,000 people died from it each year in the United States. Most of those infected were elementary school children so it was often called ‘infantile paralysis.

HISTORY OF POLIO VACCINE

Two types of polio vaccine (OPV, oral polio vaccine, and IPV, inactivated polio vaccine) were created in the 1950s. Both were highly effective in preventing polio. Initially OPV was preferred because it helped to increase community immunity to polio.

However, about 1 out of 2.4 million doses of OPV distributed in the United States actually caused vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP). In an effort to reduce this terrible side effect, a new polio vaccine schedule was recommended in 1997 (two doses of IPV followed by two doses of OPV). The new schedule decreased, but did not guarantee elimination, of vaccine-induced paralytic polio; so, effective in the year 2000, an all-IPV schedule was recommended, and OPV is no longer administered in the U.S. OPV continues to be used in countries where wild polio infections still occur.

TWO TYPES OF POLIO VACCINATION

• Polio Vaccine Inactivated (IPV)
• IPV in combination with DTaP (Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis) and hepatitis B vaccines

CURRENT SCENARIO

Normally, immunization is an integrated part of a broader package of mother and child health services. High infant immunization coverage through routine immunization delivers four doses of polio vaccine in the first year of life. However, immunization campaigns for polio carried out in a vertical approach using the health care system have been disruptive for the delivery of other basic services.

At a time when the world is approaching (we hope) the goal of eradication, polio campaigns have become so frequent that there is hardly any space left for basic routine health programs in the last endemic countries. In an environment of constrained resources, health workers are taken away from their routine daily activities—including immunization—to work on the campaigns.

A strong routine country immunization system is essential to achieve and sustain polio-free status. Three trends provide evidence for this:  1) In all three of the last remaining countries with endemic polio (Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria), full, age-appropriate coverage of routine immunization services is low. 2) The last few years have seen outbreaks of polio in 12 countries that already had been declared polio-free, due to virus reintroduction from endemic countries. Those countries which had a strong routine immunization program with high coverage were able to quickly bring polio transmission under control. 3)  Most countries with high coverage of routine immunization never needed campaigns to eliminate polio from their territories.

The World Bank has been supporting polio eradication through targeted efforts in a number of countries including Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan, as well as through broader health programs in countries like Yemen and India. The disease disproportionately affects poor regions and countries with limited fiscal space for disease control programs.  Investments in polio are demonstrably pro-poor, but eradication will benefit all future generations in all countries, rich and poor. There’s no question it would be a global public good.

The costs of stopping polio are substantial—more than should reasonably be borne alone by those countries where the epidemic persists. This requires a more holistic approach, ensuring that systems are in place that can ensure delivery of basic health services, including immunizations. Strengthening health systems and supporting routine immunization, the neglected pillar of GPEI, should both be a high priority.

ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION IN INDIA

ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION IN INDIA

Immunization programs are the cornerstone of public health, world over. Vaccination was practiced in India since the early 1900s, especially against small pox, in late 1940’s. In 1962, BCG inoculation was included in the National Tuberculosis Control Program. A formal program under the name of Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) was launched in 1978(1). This gained momentum in 1985 under Universal Immunization Program (UIP). UIP was merged in child survival and safe motherhood program (CSSM) in 1992-93. Since 1997 immunization activities are an important component of Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program. A National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI) was set up in 2003, and a Midterm Strategic Plan (MTSP) developed in 2004. From April 2005,immunization is an important component of RCH II under the National Rural Health Mission(NRHM).

CURRENT SCENARIO

India has one of the lowest routine immunization (RI) rates in the world(2). Estimates from the 2005-2006 Indian National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) indicate that only 43.5% of children age 12-23 months were fully vaccinated (received BCG, measles, and 3

doses of DPT and polio vaccines), and 5% had received no vaccinations at all(3). Given an annual birth cohort of 24 million surviving infants and under 5 year mortality rate of 74/1000(4), this results in over 12.5 million under-immunized children each year.

To improve immunization coverage in the country various initiatives have been undertaken since the inception of the programme in 1985; key inputs being strengthening and expanding the cold chain system, establishing a network of outreach immunization sites, alternate vaccine delivery model, capacity building of health functionaries and medical officers and intensified polio control measures. Introduction of new and underutilized vaccines, drafting of the national vaccine policy, tracking of beneficiaries through the Maternal and Child Tracking system are some of the recent developments. However in spite of more than 25 years since inception the programme is still adversely impacted by challenges across key thematic areas of programme management, cold chain and vaccine management, recording and reporting and injection safety. To further strengthen and improve service delivery 2012-13 has been declared as the “Year of Intensification of Routine Immunization” with the objective of improving immunization coverage rates across poor performing districts and states so as to attain Global Immunization Vision and Strategy goals of 90% coverage at national and more than 80% coverage at district level. Key activities planned during the year include sustained advocacy at all levels, improved communication and social mobilization, robust and regular program reviews, comprehensive microplanning, strengthening cold chain and vaccine logistics system, special catch up rounds through immunization weeks, piloting the teeka express, improved surveillance systems, strengthened partnerships and operational research activities. The current review pertains to the existing scenario of Universal Immunization Program in the country with impetus on the existing challenges, progress achieved till date as a result of various measures and initiatives undertaken and activities lined up as a part of year of intensification of Routine Immunization.

IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNIZATION

ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION

[IMPORTANCE]

Many people may think"Why is it so important to immunize oneself?". The answer to this question is very simple. ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION is important because it protects us from getting infectious diseases. Especially in the case of children immunization plays a very important role. When a child is born he/she is exposed to a lot of infections so to protect them from these diseases its very important to immunize them. When you get your child vaccinated, you help protect others as well. Vaccines are very safe. It is much safer to get the vaccine than an infectious disease. 

Getting immunized is important for at least two reasons: to protect yourself and to protect those around you. Vaccines are the best way we have to prevent infectious disease. A successful immunization program depends on the co-operation of every person. Other reasons that make its s important to immunize a child and adult alike are as follows:

• Vaccinations prevent you or your child from getting diseases for which there are often no medical treatments. These illnesses can result in serious complications and even death.
• A small number of people may be susceptible to diseases, such as those with impaired immune systems . These people may not be able to get vaccinations or may not develop immunity even after having been vaccinated. Their only protection against certain diseases is for others to get vaccinated so the illnesses are less common.
• If exposure to a disease occurs in a community, there is little to no risk of an epidemic if people have been immunized

From infants to senior citizens, timely immunizations are one of the most important ways for you to protect yourself and others from serious diseases and infections. Without the protection from immunizations, major diseases could be imported and could quickly spread through the population, causing epidemics. Non-immunized people living in healthy conditions are not protected from disease. Your body's immune system can fight a disease better and faster if you have had the infection before or if you get immunized

HISTORY OF IMMUNIZATION

ROUTINE  IMMUNIZATION

(History)

EDWARD JENNER
The inventor of the smallpox vaccine

Immunization is proven to be an effective tool for controlling and even eradicating diseases. The smallpox vaccination is one such example of immunization that has been immensely successful in eradicating the smallpox disease completely. This vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner. An immunization campaign carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO) from 1967 to 1977 eradicated the natural occurrence of smallpox. When the programme began, the disease still threatened 60% of the world's population and killed every fourth victim.
Barely more than 200 years ago in the United Kingdom, Edward Jenner noticed that some dairymaids seemed protected from smallpox if they had already been infected by the much less dangerous virus that caused cowpox. In 1796, Jenner conducted an experiment, scratching the arm of an 8-year-old boy named James Phipps using material from a cowpox sore in one of these dairymaids. Then he repeated the same experiment, but this time added a small amount of smallpox into the same child. He hoped that the procedure would immunize the child against the deadly smallpox infection. In fact, it did. Jenner’s experiment began the immunization age. 

Louis Pasteur
Discovered the vaccine to prevent rabies

Jenner initiated immunization and many other scientist followed his route and discovered other immunizations to eradicate other deadly diseases. 
Louis Pasteur, MD, showed that disease could be prevented by infecting humans with weakened germs. In 1885, Dr. Pasteur used a vaccine to successfully prevent rabies in a boy named Joseph Meister who had been bitten by a rabid dog. By the mid-20th century, regular progress in immunizations was made. Jonas Salk, MD, and Albert Sabin, MD, made what are perhaps the bestknown advances—they developed the inactivated polio vaccine and live polio vaccine, respectively. Their discoveries have saved countless children worldwide from polio, a disease that often left youngsters dependent on wheelchairs or crutches for life.
Today if Immunization has become a great success its because of the initiation and attempt made by both Jenner and Pasteur.

ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION

 "ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION"

In simple terms Routine Immunization is immunization or vaccines that are given n routine basis. These immunizations are mostly given to children from the age of 0 to 5 years one such example of this type of immunization is the polio vaccine . Sometimes vaccinations are also given to adults for example,tetanus shots which are given to adults as well.

LIST OF ROUTINE VACCINATION'S RECOMMENDED FOR CHILDREN

1. Hepatitis B
2.  Rotavirus ,
3. DTaP  
4. Hib, 
5. Pneumococcal , 
6. Polio ,
7.  Flu ,
8.  MMR , 
9. Chickenpox 
10. Hepatitis A ,
11. Meningococcal 
12.  HPV 

LIST OF ROUTINE VACCINATION'S RECOMMENDED FOR ADULTS

1. Flu
2. Td/Tdap
3. HPV
4. Shingles
5. Pneumococcal
6. Meningococcal
7. Hepatitis A
8. Hepatitis B

Routine Immunization services are a cornerstone of the health system—a basic public good that virtually all governments provide to their populations. Routine services are the foundation of other immunization efforts, including:

• Specific disease control initiatives
• The introduction of new vaccines
• Periodic campaigns to improve vaccination coverage

They are also the primary way to reach new generations of children as early in life as possible, preventing disease and protecting individuals and communities from premature death and suffering. Routine immunization services are often the first— and sometimes only— interaction that poor families have with preventive health services. They are a largely untapped opportunity for addressing other health needs. Especially in a country like India it is necessary that these vaccinations are reached to all the people. 

IMMUNIZATION

WHAT IS IMMUNIZATION?

Before I go into explaining about what exactly is "ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION", let me give you gist about What is Immunization?

So basically Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. It is tool that helps to control and eliminate life-threatening infectious diseases and is estimated to avert between 2 and 3 million deaths each year. One of the most cost-effective health investments, with proven strategies that make it accessible to even the most hard-to-reach and vulnerable populations. It has clearly defined target groups; it can be delivered effectively through outreach activities; and vaccination does not require any major lifestyle change. So basically immunization very important to lead an active life.

Immunization can be achieved in an active or passive manner, vaccination is an active form of immunization.Immunizations are definitely less risky and an easier way to become immune to a particular disease than risking a milder form of the disease itself. They are important for both adults and children in that they can protect us from the many diseases out there. Through the use of immunizations, some infections and diseases have almost completely been eradicated throughout the United States and the World. One example is polio.